E 51 
.H334 
Copy 2 



GUIDE r7 ^T^>^ 



PEABODY MUSEUM 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



A STATEMENT RELATING TO 



INSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGY 



Complimentary to the 
American Association for the Advancement of Scien. 



FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY. 



Cambridge Day, August 26 
1898. 



GUIDE 

TO THE 

PEABODY MUSEUM 

OF 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 

WITH 

A STATEMENT RELATING TO 

INSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGY 



Complimentary to the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science 



FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY. 



Cambridge Day, August 26, 
1808. 



■ H 33^' 



Copyright. 1S9S. 
By F. W. PUTNAM, 
Curator Peaoody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 
Harvard University. 



Gift 

Mrs. Mercus Benjamin 
Feb. lO, 1933 



Salem tPress : 

The Salem Press Co., Salem, Mass. 
1898 



THE PEABODY MUSEUM 



AND THE DIVISION OF 

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY, 
HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 



FACULTY. 

Charles W. Eliot, LL.D., President. 
Frederic W. Putnam, A.M., S.D., Secretary. 
Stephen Salisbury, A.M., LL.D. 
Francis C. Lowell, A.B. 
Charles P. Bowditch, A.M. 

history of the museum. 

The Museum was founded October 8, 1866, by the late George 
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts. In addition to his many gifts 
for philanthropic and educational purposes, Mr. Peabody gave 
^150,000 for the foundation of a Museum and Professorship of 
American Archaeology and Ethnology in connection with Harvard 
University. 

This foundation, which was most timely, was due to Mr. Pea- 
body's nephew, Prof. 0. C. Marsh, who suggested that Mr. 
Peabody's gift to Harvard should be for this purpose. 1 

1 At the time of writing the annual report, on the twenty-fifth anniversary 
of the foundation of the Museum, the Curator requested Professor Marsh to 
give a statement relating to the inception of the Museum. An abstract of 
Professor Marsh's letter, as printed in the 25th report, is as follows : — 

'•The first idea of the Peabody Museum at Cambridge occurred to me in 
October, 1865, while digging in an ancient mound near Newark, Ohio, and 
that evening I wrote to my uncle, Mr. Peabody, at London, urging him to es- 
tablish such a museum. He had already told me of his intention of making 
gifts to Harvard and various other institutions, and had requested me to look 

(3) 



4 



GUIDE TO THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 



Tin antiquities of America were fast disappearing as towns and 
cities increased on the sites once occupied by the earlier American 
peoples. The ancient mounds, shell heaps, village sites and burial 
places, were being destroyed without record of what they revealed. 
The Indian tribes were giving way before the advance of onr own 
race. 

The foundation of a museum, which should have for its primary 
object the collection and preservation of such archaeological and 
ethnological collections as could still be obtained, arrested atten- 
tion and aroused an interest in the past history of America. 

That the museum has accomplished much in its allotted work is 
shown by the large collections it has secured, by the methods of 
field investigation it has established and the system of arrangement 
of its collections, primarily for the furtherance of research. The 
success of the aims of the museum is also evidenced by the as- 
sistance it has received from friends and patrons of research, in 
aid of its many explorations, and by the several foundations for 
special purposes with which it has "been endowed. 

Mr. Peabody placed the fund he gave in charge of a Board of 
Trustees, of which the late Robert C. Winthrop was the chairman 
until his death in 1894. The other trustees appointed by Mr. Pea- 
body were Charles Francis Adams, Francis Peabody, Stephen Salis- 
bury. Asa Gray, Jeffries Wyman and George Peabody Russell. The 
successors to this original Board were Henry Wheatland, Thomas 

over the ground and give him information on the subject. My own interest in 
American archaeology was mainly due to Sir Charles Lyell. who had just 
published his ' Antiquity of Man,' and, when I saw him in London, he urged 
me in the strongest terms to take up the subject in America as a new field for 
exploration. This advice I commenced to follow, and hence my letter to Mr. 
Peabody, as work in the iield impressed upon me the great importance of 
BUCh researches. 

When Mr. Peabody came to this country in the following year, I again 
brought the subject to his attention and at his request consulted with Mr. 
Winthrop about the matter. After various visits to Cambridge and consulta- 
tion with Professors Wyman and Gray, r obtained full approval of the pro- 
posed plan from Mr. Peabody and the deed of gift was executed. 

i wisdom of this gift has never been questioned and what has been 
accomplished by it in twenty-five years is known to the whole world of sci- 
ence.'' 

It Is proper to add that the gifts of like amounts made by Mr. Peabody to 
Harvard and t<> rale were due to his nephews, Mr. George Peabody Russell, 
who was graduated from Harvard in the class of 1856, and Mr. O. C. Marsh, 
\vh«. w;i- graduated from Yale in the class of 1860. 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



5 



T. Bouve, Theodore Lyman, Samuel H. Scudder, John C. Phillips, 
George F. Hoar, Francis C. Lowell, Frederic W. Putnam, Stephen 
Salisbury, Jr., Joseph Lovering, George L. Goodale, Josiah P. 
Cooke, William H. Niles, Edmund B. Willson, Charles P. Bowditch, 
George E. Ellis, Alexander Agassiz, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., 
Robert S. Rantoul. Of the trustees Mr. Salisbury (junior) was 
elected chairman on the death of Mr. Winthrop. Messrs. Salisbury 
(senior), Lyman, Phillips and Lowell were the successive treas- 
urers. Messrs. Russell, Wheatland and Putnam were the successive 
secretaries of the Board. Jeffries Wyman was the Curator of the 
Museum until his death in 1874, and was succeeded by F. W. Put- 
nam. In 1886 the professorship founded by Mr. Peabody was es- 
tablished by the University and F. W. Putnam was appointed to the 
new chair. 

On the first day of January, 1897, the Trustees of the Peabody 
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology transferred to the 
President and Fellows all the property held by them for the foun- 
dation and maintenance of the said Museum and for the endow- 
ment of the Peabody Professorship of American Archaeology and 
Ethnology, in order that the ownership, management and control 
of the collection, funds, and other property held for the purposes 
of said Museum might be united in the hands of the President and 
Fellows. This act of the Trustees was duly authorized by the Leg- 
islature of Massachusetts (Chapter 191 of the Acts of the year 
1896). The articles of agreement between the Trustees of the 
Peabody Museum and the President and Fellows provide that the 
Museum shall thereafter be in the immediate charge of a Faculty 
responsible to the Corporation and Overseers ; that the President 
of the University shall be the President of the Faculty, and the 
Peabody Professor or Curator of the Museum shall be a member 
thereof; that the other members of the first Faculty shall be 
Messrs. Stephen Salisbury, Charles P. Bowditch and Francis C. 
Lowell, and that vacancies in the Faculty shall be filled by nomi- 
nations made by the Faculty and confirmed by the President and 
Fellows." 1 

Mr. Peabocly's gift was divided into three portions : 860,000 to 
be used for a building fund, $45,000 for a collection fund, and 
845,000 for a professorship fund. Thus the regular income avail- 
able for all the purposes of the Museum and for making collections 
is tnat obtained from the principal of 845,000, a sum so inadequate 
for the purpose that had it not been for the assistance of a number 



1 From Report of President Eliot, 1897-98. 



6 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



of friends the Museum would have been almost entirely dependent 
upon gifts of specimens for its increase. The following endow- 
ments have been made in aid of the Museum : 

The Thaw Fellowship : established in 1890 by Mrs. Mary Cop- 
ley Thaw, in memory of her husband, the late William Thaw, for 
' 4 work and research relating to the Indian race of America, or 
other ethnological and archaeological investigation," to be awarded 
by the Faculty of the Peabody Museum. The present annual in- 
come of this fellowship is one thousand and fifty dollars ; which 
is now paid, under certain conditions, by the terms of the gift, to 
a student (Alice C. Fletcher), in connection with the Peabody Mu- 
seum, nominated by the founder. 

The Hemenway Fellowship: founded in 1891 by Mrs. Mary 
Hemenway, to be held by a student of Harvard University pursu- 
ing the study of American Archaeology and Ethnology. It is 
awarded annually by the Faculty of the Peabody Museum to a stu- 
dent in the Graduate School. The Faculty may require the incum- 
bent to render assistance to the Peabody Professor. The present 
annual value of this fellowship is four hundred dollars. 

The Winthrop Scholarship: established in 1895 from a bequest 
of five thousand dollars made by Robert Charles Winthrop, LL.D., 
class of 1828, " to my Alma Mater, Harvard College, for a scholar- 
ship or scholarships," "to be assigned to the Peabody Museum of 
Archaeology and Ethnology, over which I have presided since its 
organization." It is awarded annually by the Corporation on nom- 
ination of the Faculty of the Museum. The annual value of this 
scholarship is two hundred dollars. 

The Huntington-Fpothingham-Wolcott Fund : In 1891, Mr. 
(now Governor) Roger Wolcott, acting under the will of his father, 
J. Huntington Wolcott, made the gift of $10,000 as a memorial of 
his brother, Huntington Frothingham Wolcott, that his name may 
be perpetuated in connection with Harvard College. The terms of 
the trust as stated by Mr. Wolcott are as f ollows : — 

"Ten Thousand Dollars to be received and known as the Hun- 
tington-Frothingham-Wolcott Fund, the income to be expended by 
the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and 
Ethnology or their successors, for the promotion of archaeological 
and ethnological research and exploration, the purchase of objects 
illustrative thereof or the publication of matter relating thereto. I 
have pleasure in noting that there is included in this amount a sum 
received after my brother's death in payment of his military ser- 
vices. 

" It is my belief that for many years the Western Hemisphere 
will furnish a rich field, as yet almost untilled, for the prosecution 
of such investigations, but it is not my intention to restrict by 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



geographical Hues the uses to which the income may be applied. It 
would iu no way conflict with my wishes if those who have the 
disposition of the income of this fund should in their discretion 
decide to allow the income to accumulate for one or more years in 
order more fully to carry out the purpose of the trust. I can 
easily conceive that this may be desirable either for the equipment 
of an expedition for exploration, the purchase of collections, or 
for some other purposes within the scope of the trust. But I re- 
quest that, whether the income be expended as it accrues or be al- 
lowed thus to accumulate for future use. a vote of the Trustees 
setting forth the disposition of it be entered upon their records as 
often as once yearly." 

The liberal provision of this memorial fund enables the Mu- 
seum to take advantage of many opportunities for increasing the 
collections. With this money ready at hand it is possible from 
time to time to do a little digging or to purchase a small collection 
of special importance. 

In addition to these gifts, establishing permanent funds, there 
have been, since 1381, contributions of money which have enabled 
the Museum to carry on its important explorations, and. to a lim- 
ited extent, to publish an account of some of the results secured, 
as well as to defray the current expenses of the Museum for which 
the income of the Peabody Fund is insufficient. Arnong these gifts 
must be mentioned that of Mrs. Samuel D. Warren of 87,000. of 
which 85,000 was used for placing cases in the last addition to the 
building and 82.000 for explorations. Mr. and Mrs. Warren had 
previously made several contributions in aid of explorations, and 
in commemoration of their generous patronage the Ethnological 
Gallery has been named the Warren Gallery. Other liberal donors 
of money for explorations, for the purchase of collections and for 
salaries of assistants, are : 

Mr. Stephen Salisbury, Mr. Charles P. Bowditch, Mrs. Elizabeth 
C. Ware, Miss Mary C. Ware, Mr. John C. Phillips, Mr. Theodore 
Lyman, Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Mr. Augustus Hemenway, Mr. Clar- 
ence B. Moore, Mrs. Mary Copley Thaw and Mrs. Esther Herrman. 
Many others have made smaller, but no less welcome, contributions 
in times of special need or for particular purposes. The total of 
these contributions since 1881 amounts to §67,876. Of this amount 
88,738 was for the purchase of the land forming the Serpent Mound 
Park in Ohio, and for the preservation of the Serpent Mound and 
exploration of the park. 



8 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM . 



The Museum is also indebted for valuable contributions of spec- 
imens to Louis Agassiz, Theodore Lyman, Alexander Agassiz, 
Charles P. Bowditch, Clarence B. Moore, Frederick H. Rindge, K. 
George Squier, Samuel H. Russell, Charles C. Abbott, Josiah Whit- 
ney. George J. Engelmann, H. K. and W. E. Faulkner, George \V. 
Hammond, and to hundreds of others who have given smaller lots 
of specimens or single objects of great scientific value. The fol- 
lowing institutions have made important and in several instances 
large contributions of specimens : — 

The Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Antiqua- 
rian Society, the Boston Marine Society, the Boston Society of 
Natural History, the Boston Athenaeum, the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Peabody Acad- 
emy of Science. 

Several large and important collections from Europe were for- 
tunately secured by purchase in the early years of the Museum. 
These are of inestimable value in the comparative study of the 
early work of man in various lands. Among these collections are 
those of Mortillet and Clement from the Swiss Lake dwellings, 
from the caves and gravels of France and from the peat beds of 
Italy: and the Rose collection from Denmark. Such collections as 
these it would be impossible now to secure at any price. The 
Xicolucci collection from Italy, the gift of the late Col. Theodore 
Lyman, the series of duplicates presented from the Christie Col- 
lection from the French caves, and a number of other gifts and 
exchanges have furnished additional European material. 

The many collections secured by explorations, carried on by the 
Curators of the Museum, or under their supervision, in various 
parts of America, have made the Museum of the first importance 
to students of American Archaeology. 

The collections first brought together were for a few years 
arranged in Boylston Hall in cases in the anatomical laboratory of 
Professor Wyman. A gallery was afterwards added to the Ana- 
tomical Museum and the collections were then exhibited in cases on 
this gallery. In 1876 the first section, 80 x 40 feet, of the present 
building facing on Divinity Avenue, was begun and in 1878 the col- 
lections were removed to their new and permanent home. In 1889 
the second portion, GO x 60 feet, was added to the building, making 
a structure 100 feet long and five stories high including the two 
galleries. This work was accomplished by allowing the $60,000 



GUIDE TO THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 



9 



assigned by Mr. Peabody for a building' fund to accumulate and by 
using the income of a portion of the fund. There has been ex- 
pended on the building and cases 8131,000. The building as it 
now stands is one-half of the contemplated structure, which will, 
when completed, form the southern wing of the University Mu- 
seum, as designed by Professor Louis Agassiz in 1859, when the 
first part of the Museum of Comparative Zoology was erected. 
There is now on hand a balance of 829,000 of the original $60,000 
given by Mr. Peabody for a building fund. As the income of this 
small fund has to be used towards paying in part for the care and 
repairs of the building, it is evident that there is no prospect for 
the completion of the building except from gifts for this purpose. 
The present halls and cases are overcrowded and many interesting 
collections have to be kept in drawers, or stored in the basement 
awaiting the completion of the building, when all can be arranged 
in proper sequence. 

THE FIRST FLOOPv OF THE MUSEUM. 

The Museum is entered from Divinity Avenue. On the left of 
the entrance hall is the general office and library. The library con- 
sists of about 1,900 volumes and 2,500 pamphlets in all branches of 
anthropology, including the leading anthropological journals of the 
world. It is open to all members of the University and for general 
consultation by permission of the Curator. 

Opposite the library, on the right of the entrance hall, are ar- 
ranged such of the collections from the mounds, burial places 
and caves of the central portion of the United States as the space 
will permit. Passing along to the right, the cases contain pottery 
and various implements of stone, ornaments of shell and fragments 
of burnt reeds found in the burial mounds at New Madrid, Mo., 
by Professor G. C. Swallow, in 1856. An illustrated account of 
ihis material is given in the 8th Report of the Curator, 1875. This 
collection is particularly noteworthy as it was the first obtained 
from this region, from which thousands of objects, particularly of 
pottery, have since been collected. In the cases following the 
Swallow collection are other specimens from the vicinity of New 
Madrid, and in the case opposite is the large collection of pottery 
and stone implements from the same region, presented by Dr. 
George J. Engelmann. Many of these specimens are the types of 
the figures in Professor Potter's memoir of the earthworks and 



10 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



mounds of New Madrid. In this case are also several small lots 
of specimens from Cahokia mound and from other mounds in Elli- 
nois. On the opposite side of the case are the specimens from 
mounds in Tennessee. In the lower part of the case are tempo- 
rarily placed two of the altars and other objects from the Turner 
group of mounds in Ohio. The unique terra- cotta figures, the 
carved slate dishes, carved bones, copper and shell ornaments and 
other objects, forming a part of this remarkable collection, are in 
the opposite table case. On the north side of the hall is the mate- 
rial from the stone graves of Tennessee obtained by the explora- 
tions of the Curator. In the adjoining case on the east side are 
several skulls from these graves, some of which have peculiar 
anomalies, such as many Wormian bones and unusual sutures; also 
skeletons and objects from two graves, showing their position in 
the graves. In the cases on the west side and in the central case 
opposite are the collections from burial mounds in the Saint Francis 
valley, Arkansas, from explorations under the direction of the 
Curator. In the right hand wall case on the south side of the 
room are the collections from the caves of Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky. The latter includes the interesting objects found in Salt 
cave, by the Curator, particularly noteworthy for their unquestion- 
able antiquity and for the peculiarities of the woven cloth, and of 
the shoes made of the braided leaves of Typha. These coverings 
for the feet, resembling shoes more than moccasins or sandals, differ 
from others known in America, but they are of the pattern rep- 
resented on the terra-cotta figures found on one of the altars of 
the Turner group of mounds. On the upper shelf of this case are 
several shells of two varieties of squashes, the ancestral forms of 
our cultivated varieties. The wall case to the left contains a 
general collection from the Ohio valley, including casts of the re- 
markable lot of pipes found by Squier on an altar of a mound in the 
Scioto valley. 

At the end of the entrance hall is the lecture hall. Around the 
walls, and in several cases upon the floor, are arranged the ethno- 
logical specimens which illustrate the life and customs of North 
American tribes. The arrangement is by tribes, showing the cos- 
tumes, ornaments, implements, weapons, games and toys, as well 
as the objects used in some of the most sacred rites and cere- 
monies of the tribes. Of special interest are several fine examples 
of porcupine- quill work. This beautiful work was superseded by 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



11 



the bead work following the introduction of glass beads by the 
whites. Here also are the Sioux hunting shirt and other objects 
collected by Francis Parkman in 1846 ; the belt supposed to have 
been worn by King Philip ; and the Massachusetts Indian bow 
(the only one in existence) which was used in the new design of 
the Massachusetts Coat of Arms. In this hall is the material 
collected by Miss Alice C. Fletcher during her many years of res- 
idence among the Omaha, Sioux and Nez Perce tribes. This col- 
lection includes the paraphernalia of the Sun Dance of the Ogalalla 
Sioux; models of the Winnebago mat wigwam; the Omaha skin 
tent, and earth lodge. Here is the Sacred Pole of the Omaha and 
the accompanying objects used in ceremonies connected with it ; 
also the contents of the Omaha Sacred Tent of War, with the 
Honor Pack, the Mystery Pack and other symbolic objects. The 
Pipes of Peace, presented to Miss Fletcher by the Omahas, with 
the words of the songs and photographs representing the cere- 
monial of presentation are here displayed. Here is also a special 
exhibit of the native foods of the Omaha and Nez Perce, as well 
as many other objects illustrating the costumes, ornaments and 
daily life of the tribes represented by the collection. 

Hanging from the ceiling of this hall are three types of Indian 
canoes made of birch bark. Over the cases and on the walls 
of several rooms are one hundred original portraits of Indians 
painted by C. B. King, Sixty-eight of these are the originals of 
the plates in McKenny and Hall's folio volumes on the Indian 
Tribes of North America, published in 1836. They were given to 
the Museum, in 1882, by the heirs of E. P. Tileston and Amor 
Hollings worth. A model of the Serpent Mound Park, containing 
the Serpent Mound of Ohio, is in this hall. 

About two hundred persons can be seated in this hall, which is 
used for lectures given by the Peabody Professor or under his 
direction. Leading from the hall is the private office of the Cura- 
tor with his laboratory adjoining. 

THE SKCOND FLOOR. 

On the second floor at the head of the stairs is the gallery tem- 
porarily given up to the Semitic Museum of the University. To 
the right is the gallery containing the archaeological collections 
from Nicaragua, secured by the explorations of Dr. Earl Flint 
under the direction of the Museum. Here are many interesting 
pieces of pottery richly decorated in color or by incised designs or 



12 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



by moulded and carved figures on the surface or feet of the ves- 
sels. The large oval vessels on the lower shelves are burial jars 
which are generally ornamented with a conventionalized human 
face in connection with serpents. In this gallery are also shown 
the human footprints of considerable antiquity from the tufa bed 
sixteen feet below the surface on the borders of Lake Managua. 
In the west railing case are the specimens from ancient shell heaps 
in Nicaragua and Costa Pica. The remainder of the railing case, 
and several of the wall cases, contain for the present the general 
Mexican collection, including the pottery vessels obtained by Gen. 
Caleb dishing during the Mexican war, and the important collec- 
tion from Oxac^a presented by Mr. C. P. Bowditch. In two wall 
cases on the east side are the objects found in the caves of Coa- 
huila by Dr. Edward Palmer who explored the caves for the 
Museum. At the time of burial the bodies were wrapped in cloth 
beautifully woven from the twisted fibre of the Agave. In these 
bundles were placed many things used by the people, such as the 
stone knives in short wooden handles, interesting in showing that 
many of the so-called spearheads of stone were probably knives 
of this character. The wooden combs and the necklace made of 
the vertebrae of a snake are objects of special interest. 

In the hall gallery passing from the north to the south room is an 
exhibit of pottery vessels from the ancient graves of the Cauca 
Valley, Colombia. These vessels are mostly of rude human forms, 
while some are ornamented with deeply incised and others with 
colored designs. Here are also several singular cylindrical stamps 
having deeply cut designs upon them. These stamps were evi- 
dently used for printing a pattern by rolling them over the sur- 
face to be decorated. This valuable collection was secured for the 
Museum by the Huntington-Erothingiiam-Wolcott Fund. The case 
on the opposite wall contains a large lot of Peruvian pottery. 
These two collections should be considered with others in the South 
American room where lack of space prevents their being placed. 
In another case in the hall gallery 'is a small exhibit from Egypt, 
including a mummy in its case; embalmed heads which show the 
method of wearing the hair by the ancient Egyptians: embalmed 
ibis and crocodile; a small lot of pottery vessels, scaribs, orna- 
ments ami other common objects; and a few stones with hiero- 
glyphs. This is simply a little collection for the student to use 
for comparative purposes. Against the wall is a representative 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



13 



piece of Egyptian sculpture brought home by John Lowell, jr., the 
founder of the Lowell Institute. 

Passing from the hall gallery into the southern room, the visitor 
will see in the first long table case and in the north wall cases, the 
collection from the Swiss Lakes obtained by the purchase of the 
Mortillet and Clement Collections and by the gift of the late Pro- 
fessor Agassiz. The specimens are arranged so far as possible 
by the several stations or sites of the ancient pile dwellings from 
which they came It will be noticed that pieces of deer's antlers 
were utilized to a great extent by the '-lake-dwellers" for imple- 
ments of various kinds, particularly for sockets and handles of 
axes and for chisel-shaped implements made of stone. Among the 
implements particularly noteworthy are several of stone in handles 
of antler or of wood, and others made of the teeth of the beaver 
and of the boar, and of pieces of bone, set in antler handles. 
There are many implements made of the bones of birds, and of 
deer and other animals. It will be noticed that similar bone 
implements are made of the corresponding bones of the represen- 
tative species of birds and mammals in America. The many 
examples of polished axes, celts, and chipped flints of various forms 
are particularly interesting for comparison with American imple- 
ments of a similar character. There are also specimens of pottery 
and bronze objects, while from one of the sites are a few imple- 
ments of iron. The food and fabrics of the ancient dwellers on 
the lakes are shown by numerous examples of carbonized grain, 
bread, fruit, seeds, nuts, cloth, etc. The large number of bones of 
cattle, sheep and goats indicates that these animals were prob- 
ably domesticated, while the many bones of several wild animals 
give evidence of a hunting people. 

In the first case, on the east side, are the objects from the caves 
of the Dordogne in Prance. Some of these specimens were re- 
ceived as a gift from the Christie Collection and many of them bear 
the original labels of Lartet, who with Christie explored the caves. 
These remains are of great antiquity and prove that man was a 
contemporary of the mammoth and other animals long since ex- 
tinct. The breccia of the cave is shown in the refuse containing 
the remains of extinct animals and the stone and bone implements 
made and used by the cave men. There are also a few fragments 
of carved bones, and facsimile casts of the most important of the 
carved and engraved bones. One of these carvings represents the 



u 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



outlines of a mammoth engraved on a piece of mammoth ivory 
Others represent fishes, horses, reindeer and other animals One 
shows a group including a human figure. This high attainment in 
the art of delineation at a period so early as that of the occupation 
of these caves, when the fauna of Europe contained many mam- 
mals now extinct, and man was still in the early stone age, is 
worthy of particular attention. 

In this same case are specimens from caves in England, received 
from Professor Boyd Dawkins, the author of " Cave Hunting'' and 
" Early Man in Britain." Among these are the bones and teeth of 
the Cave Bear, the Hyena and other extinct British animals, found 
associated with the rude stone implements. There are also a few 
palaeolithic implements from England, some of which are from the 
collection of Sir John Evans, and a few stone implements from 
Ireland. 

The next case on the east wall contains on the lower shelves 
specimens from the peat beds of Italy, and on the upper, a few 
Etruscan and Greek vases. The case in the corner contains a num- 
ber of bronze fibulae and other objects from ancient tombs in 
southern Europe. In the first case on the south side, is a good 
exhibit of the flints of Persigney, the famous quarry of man in the 
stone age: also a representative collection of bronze celts from 
southern Europe. In the lower part of the case the Nicolucci Col- 
lection is of stone implements from Italy. In the next case to the 
right is an important collection of palaeolithic implements from the 
valley of the Somme in France. A few of these are from the locality 
near Abbeville made famous by the discoveries of Boucher de Per- 
thes in 1841. These are regarded as the types of palaeolithic imple- 
ments and are invaluable for comparison with similarly shaped 
implements from this country. The next case contains stone and 
bronze implements from northern Europe. 

In the long table case on the south side of the room are exhib- 
ited the collections from Norway, Sweden and Denmark, includ- 
ing over fifteen hundred specimens, illustrating the stone age of 
Denmark, brought together in 1861-07, by W. J. Rose, a civil en- 
gineer. It contains about all the known forms of chipped flint 
implements, with hammers, axes and implements made of various 
hard stones. The chipping and polishing of stone are beautifully 
illustrated by this important series. 

The large case on the west wall is for the present given to an 



GUIDE TO THE PEAB3DY MUSEUM. 



15 



overflow from the opposite gallery, and contains pottery, stone 
implements and a few ornaments of metal from Chiriqui, Costa 
Rica and Honduras, with a few specimens from the West India 
Islands. 

THIRD FLOOR. 

In the table case in front of the window in the hall are two ex- 
hibits illustrating two important features in the archaeology of 
the State of Maine. In the right hand corner of the case are 
shown pieces of felsite as taken from the great mass forming Mt. 
Kineo. (See photographs and plan on the wall at the right, show- 
ing the mountain and the sites of the prehistoric workshops.) 
With these masses are chipped implements in various stages of 
manufacture with the chips as found on the ancient quarry sites. 
Also a series of specimens illustrating natural fractures closely 
resembling the work of man. Among the implements are several 
of large size collected by Mr. Lucius L. Hubbard, who first called 
attention to the locality. The rest of the collection was made by 
Mr. C. C. YTilloughby who explored the region for the Museum. 
The other collection in the case was also brought together by Mr. 
TTilloughby's explorations of several very ancient burial places in 
Maine. The models show two of the places partly explored. The 
contents of each grave are shown, while the drawings and photo- 
graphs in the case and on the wall illustrate the exploration. (See 
Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum 
Xo. 6, for a full account of this exploration.) Several small lots 
of specimens given by persons who found them in the vicinity of 
the places explored are also in this case. 

Under the stairs leading to the gallery is a large case containing 
the specimens from burial mounds in Georgia and Florida collected 
and presented by Mr. Clarence B. Moore. Here with other things 
will be seen a number of peculiar objects made of clay, many of 
which were found in a mound in Florida. The large pottery vessels 
are cinerary urns with their covers (inverted vessels) found in a 
mound in Georgia. The cremated human remains taken from some 
of these urns are shown in front of the vessels. Other objects 
from these Georgia mounds are of interest, and it is worthy of 
note that both inhumation and urn burial were practised by the 
people who built these mounds over the remains of their dead. 

In the north room on this floor are several collections of partic- 



16 



GUIDE To THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 



alar interest. The wall cases on each side of the fire-place con- 
tain several lots of stone implements from Massachusetts; among 
them are those picked np by Thorean in his rambles along the 
Concord river. Here is also a collection illustrating the manufac- 
ture of soapstone pots by the Indians, from the ancient quarry 
near Providence, R. I. 

In the long table case is the material obtained by Dr. Jeffries 
Wyman during his systematic exploration of the shell-heaps of 
the St. John's valley, Florida, for several years prior to 1874. 
This collection is of great importance to the student of American 
Archaeology. The antiquity of some of these immense refuse 
piles is shown by the changes which have taken place in the mass 
forming the shell- heaps. The shells have become converted into 
lime rock, and in one instance the skull and other human bones 
found near the bottom of a heap were cut out from the solid 
mass. Human bones, broken into small pieces, found mixed with 
bones of animals are evidence of cannibalism. Implements made 
of stone, shell and bone are shown and many potsherds exhibit 
the peculiarities of the pottery made and used by the people. (An 
account of Professor TVyman's explorations is given in No. 1 of 
the Memoirs of the Peabody Academy of Science of Salem, and 
can be seen in the Museum Library.) In one end of this case are 
the human bones which were found, imbedded in sandstone, by 
Count Pourtales, and about which there has been much controversy 
as to their geological age. 

In the southeast corner case are a few small lots of specimens 
from various places in Florida. The remarkable skull, partly cov- 
ered with copper, found in the Indian burial place at Winthrop, is 
placed here temporarily. This burial place was explored by the 
Curator, and several skeletons and many objects of interest were 
found, which cannot be exhibited for lack of space. 

Following along, in the cases on the east side of the room are the 
specimens from the peat beds of the Delaware valley, and an in- 
teresting lot consisting of objects from the mud about the ancient 
piles of Xaaman's creek near Claymont. Delaware. This mate- 
rial, collected by Dr. H. C. Cresson. is described in Xo. 4 of the 
Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum. 
To the left of this is the collection from Delaware, presented by 
Mr. II. R. Bennett, which shows in goodly number the prevailing 
form of stone implements of that region. 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



17 



Id the cases along the northern wall of the room, and in the long 
table case in front, is displayed the collection made by Dr. C. C. 
Abbott, at Trenton. X. J. This exhibit was arranged by Dr. 
Abbott to show the three periods of occupation of the Delaware 
valley. On the south side of the table case are the stone imple- 
ments and the three human skulls and fragments of human bones 
found in the glacial gravels at Trenton, with which are photo- 
graphs showing sections of the gravel aud the sites where the spec- 
imens were found. Following these specimens are several lots of 
argillite implements, knives and chipped points, and flakes, found 
in the more recent deposits of the closing of the glacial period. 
Following these are the fragments of pottery and a few imple- 
ments of bone and of copper, with many rude agricultural imple- 
ments of stone. At the end of the case is a fine collection of 
scrapers made of jasper and chert. On the northern wall are 
hundreds of arrowheads, knives and other chipped implements of 
chert, jasper and quartz, and the hammerstones, pitted stones, 
pestles, axes and celts, rubbing stones and other objects, including 
a large pile of natural stones, chips, and partly-formed implements. 
All these were collected on Indian village sites at Trenton and 
illustrate the latest of the three periods. 

There has been a great deal of controversy in regard to the 
geological age of the gravel and sandy deposits about Trenton in 
which many of the implements in the table case were found. The 
evidence of the existence of glacial man on the Atlantic coast of 
America rests upon the geological age of the deposits in which 
these implements were found. Some geologists and archaeologists 
claim that none of the implements have been found in strictly gla- 
cial deposits, while others equally qualified to judge are as certain 
that many of the specimens were found in strictly glacial deposits, 
as claimed by Doctor Abbott. The independent and very extensive 
explorations carried on by Mr. Ernest Yolk, under the direction 
of the Curator of the Museum, 1 seem to give conclusive proof that 
man lived in the Delaware valley at the close of the glacial period, 
and that many of the implements made and lost by this early or 
palaeolithic man were buried under glacial deposits. 

In the table case and at the right of the photographs, are the 
two specimens collected by Doctor Metz, at Madisonville, Ohio, 

1 Afterwards continued for the American Museum of Natural History by 
the timely gifts of the Duke of Loubat and of Dr. F. T. Hyde. 



IS 



GUIDE TO THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 



and the axe found by Mr. Masterman near New London, Ohio, in 
glacial deposits, also the three specimens obtained by Doctor 
Cresson from the gravels in Delaware, and the collection of chipped 
quartz found by Miss Babbitt near Little Fails in Minnesota. There 
has been considerable controversy about all these specimens, and 
archaeologists will examine them with interest. The " Calaveras 
Skull " from the auriferous gravels of California, with the several 
objects enclosed in the gravel found still attached to the skull, 
and all the documentary evidence relating to the discovery of the 
skull have been received from the estate of the late Prof. J. D. 
Whitney. These are for the present in the Curator's office. 

In the cases on the west wall of the room is the collection se- 
cured by the explorations of the Curator and Dr. Metz from the 
famous cemetery in Madisonville, Ohio. The land on which this 
Indian burial place is situated has been bequeathed to the Museum 
by its late owner, Miss Phebe Ferris. It will be noticed that heie 
are many implements made of bone and of antler, which were pre- 
served by being buried in ashes contained in the singular "ash 
pits " of which more than fifteen hundred have been found during 
the explorations. The remains of nearly two thousand human 
skeletons, with pottery, implements, ornaments and pipes in large 
numbers have been found, of which a portion are represented in 
the collection arranged in these cases. 

In the south room on this floor are the exhibits illustrating the 
archaeology* and ethnology of South America. Here are several 
Peruvian mummies in their wrappings just as taken from the 
ancient graves ; human skulls showing the peculiar flattening of 
the frontal and occipital regions, characteristic of some of the 
ancient peoples of the coast of Peru; also skulls from the vi- 
cinity of Lake Titicaca, which are artificially elongated. These 
forms of skulls were produced by bandaging the heads of chil- 
dren in different ways so as to bring about the desired form. Other 
skulls show extensive fractures from which the individuals recov- 
ered. One from Ancon shows trephining and others exhibit death 
wounds. In one of the cases are false queues and braids of human 
hair, showing that the ancient Peruvians gave considerable atten- 
tion t<» dressing the hair. In another case is the collection from 
graves a: Arica, made by Mr. John H. Blake in 1836. This collec- 
tion is described in detail in the 11th report of the Curator. It is 
' - • fia] interest u> beinii' the first Peruvian collection brought to 



GUIDE TO THb: PEA BOD Y MUSEUM. 



19 



this country, and it has been referred to by many earlier writers 
on Peruvian archaeology. Other cases contain the very extensive 
collections from the ruins of Tiahuanaco, from Ancon, Chancay, 
Pisagua and other prehistoric sites in Bolivia and Peru, the gift of 
Dr. Alexander Agassiz. with many other specimens collected by 
Professor Louis Agassiz during the Hassler expedition and by him 
given to the Museum. Here also is the collection presented by Dr. 
W. S. Bigelow, which is a portion of the Peruvian Government 
•exhibit made at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Several 
other small collections obtained by gift or purchase are here ex- 
hibited ; but the extensive Bucklin collection and several other lots 
are not exhibited for lack of space. From the material displayed 
the visitor can obtain a good knowledge of the characteristic arts 
of the ancient Peruvians. The exhibits are particularly rich in 
pottery, fabrics, implements for weaving, work baskets of the 
women, ornaments and weapons. Several of the latter are of cop- 
per, while some of the objects are made of an alloy of copper and 
tin, showing that the ancient Peruvians understood the art of 
making bronze. Also many articles of food, including two species 
of corn, beans, squashes and peanuts. The peanuts found in the 
ancient Peruvian graves at Ancon prove that the peanut was com- 
mon in Peru in prehistoric times and goes far towards establishing 
it as a native plant of America. 

In this room are the pottery vessels, and other objects from 
the ancient burial place on the Island of Pacoval in the Amazon 
River, and from shell-heaps and ancient village sites in Brazil, 
collected by the late Professor C. F. Hartt. In the wall cases on 
the west and north sides of the room are arranged the collections 
from the native tribes of Tierra del Fuego, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil 
and other parts of South America, obtained by the gifts of many 
friends of the Museum. Of particular interest are the specimens 
of feather work obtained by Mrs. Louis Agassiz in Brazil during 
the lamous Thayer expedition. This material from the present 
tribes gives the opportunity of making a direct comparison be- 
tween the arts of the people in the past and the present, and shows 
in many instances the deterioration of the arts since the blight 
brought upon the people by the Spanish conquest. 

The large room at the end of the hall is given entirely to an ex- 
hibit illustrating the works of the ancient peoples of Mexico and 
Central America. Here is shown a full series of casts made from 



20 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



moulds by Charnay during the Lorillard expedition, for which the 
Museum is indebted to the Huntington-Frothingham-Wolcott f und. 
Here also arc casts from moulds, secured by the Thompson explora- 
tions conducted for the Museum. Among these is the skull of a 
young woman with tiled teeth, collected by Mr. Saville at Labna. 
Standing in the central part of the hall are the casts of the large 
sculptured monoliths, the "idols" and "altars" secured during 
the several Copan expeditions by the Museum, under the imme- 
diate direction, successively, of Mr. Marshall H. Saville, Mr. John 
(t. Owens (who died at Copan during the second expedition), and 
Air. George Byron Gordon. During these expeditions to the ruins 
of the ancient city of Copan in Honduras, a large amount of mate- 
rial has been obtained. The cases in the room contain a remark- 
able exhibit of the sculptures, the pottery, ornaments of jadite, 
shell and other materials from the ruined buildings and tombs of 
this ancient people. Among the specimens of singular interest in 
illustrating the customs of the people are the human teeth shown 
in the table cases. Some of these are ornamented with a circular 
piece of jaclite set in the front of the tooth: others are riled in 
different ways. In one instance a false tooth made of stone was 
found with the other teeth. 

Enlarged photographs show portions of the ruins, the buildings 
excavated by the Museum parties, with the large idols and altars, in 
place, of which casts are standing in the central part of the room. 
From a study of the contents of this room, the visitor can ob- 
tain a good knowledge of the wonderful sculptures, the singular 
hieroglyphs, the arts, religious beliefs and many of the customs of 
these ancient peoples, who in many respects reached the highest 
development of any on the American Continent. Here one can 
study to advantage the question of a supposed Asiatic migration 
to America in early times. The student of American hieroglyphic 
writing will find the material offered for investigation of the first 
importance. In connection with this collection should be noted 
the two large drawings on each side of the door in the hall. These 
original drawings in sepia by Catherwood, the artist who ac- 
companied Stephens on his expedition to Yucatan and Honduras 
in 1839. These valuable and historical pictures, given by Cather- 
wood to the late E. G. Squier, the noted American archaeologist, 
were given to the Museum as from the estate of E. G. Squier. 
In connection with a study of the Mexican and Maya pictographs 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



21 



and hieroglyphs the reproductions of the ancient codices should 
be examined in the library. 

THE FOURTH FLOOR (SECOND GALLERY). 

Entering the gallery to the right at the head of the stairs, in the 
wall case and in the railing case are the collections from burial 
places on the Santa Barbara Islands and from the opposite main 
land of California. These cemeteries, while unquestionably started 
in ancient times, were in several instances continued up to the time 
of Spanish contact in the sixteenth century, when the discovery of 
the islands by Cabrillo was the beginning of the gradual extermi- 
nation of the Indian inhabitants. In no other portion of North 
America were there so many tribes of different stocks as in what 
is now California. The works of art and the shape of the skulls 
of the Indians of the Santa Barbara Islands show that these 
island tribes were not all of the same stock. In this collection it 
will be noticed that pottery vessels are absent with the exception 
of two or three wheel-made dishes of Spanish times. In place of 
pottery the people made cooking vessels of soapstone, while ser- 
pentine and soapstone were used for dishes, pipes and ornaments. 
This collection contains soapstone, or steatite, vessels in various 
stages of manufacture taken from the ancient quarry on Santa 
Catalina Island, with the rude implements of stone with which the 
pots were cut from the rocks and afterwards fashioned. There 
are also many large pots perfectly made, and several with rude 
incised ornaments, which were taken from the graves. (See 11th 
Report of the Museum for description of the manufacture of 
these pots, by Paul Schumacher who explored the islands for the 
Museum.) Many mortars beautifully cut from the hardest rocks, 
with their finely made pestles are shown, from those of large size 
down to small paint cups. The perforated club stones and long 
tube-like tobacco pipes are among the characteristic articles from 
these burial places, while a few carvings in steatite show the 
capabilities of the people in the art of sculpture. The use of shell 
for making beads and ornaments of various shapes, and even for 
fish-hooks, is shown by thousands of specimens, while bone im- 
plements of various kinds are well represented. 

Next to this collection is one from the Indians of the interior of 
southern California. These tribes make beautiful water-tight bas- 



22 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



kets by binding grass with split reeds, and coiling the grass bun- 
dles, which are fastened together as the work progresses. In the 
same manner these tribes make vessels of clay by rolling the clay 
into cylinders a foot or more in length which are coiled from a 
starting point, the bottom of the vessels. The cylinders as coiled 
are pinched together and finally a smooth stone is held inside of 
the vessel and the outside is patted firmly with a wooden paddle. 
The vessel is then dried in the shade and baked in a covered pit. 
I g ee paper by Schumacher in 11th Keport of Peabody Museum.) 

In another case is the remarkable and unique collection from a 
cave in California. This consists of several large baskets iu 
which were found the many feather headdresses, the large lot of 
bone whistles, the wooden " roarers." and the only specimens known 
of the perforated stones on short handles, showing that these 
stones, so common in the Indian graves at Santa Barbara, are in 
larse part club-heads. 1 Two other cases contain the Frederick H. 
Rindse Collection, from the Klamath country of Oregon and Cali- 
fornia, remarkable for the large number of implements made of 
black and red obsidian. Some of these are beautiful little arrow- 
heads, while others are the largest obsidian implements known. 
This collection of obsidiau implements is unsurpassed, while the 
stone tubes, the stone handles to bone scrapers and other imple- 
ments peculiar to the Klamaths, are shown in considerable vaiietv. 

The other collections in this gallery are from the present tribes 
of Mexico. The pottery from different parts of Mexico is well 
represented, and shows the prevailing forms from each locality. 
In some the early method of manufacture and the forms have con- 
tinued to the present time, while in others Spanish influence is 
evident in the shape and ornament, and in the use of a glaze and 
even of the potter's wheel. 

In one case are various objects in daily use by the people. In the 
railing case opposite is a collection to illustrate the preparation of 
corn for making tortillas, the staple article of diet of the peoples 
of the southwestern portions of North America and of Central 
America. Another case contains an exhibit of the products of the 
Agave plant and their application to the daily life of the people. 
This plant furnishes food and drink, as well as fibre f or thread and 

i F<.r an account oi simitar perforated atones from California and else- 
where, Bee Vol. vil, Archaeology, Lt. Wheeler- Report West of the lOoth 
Meridian. 



GUIDE TO THE PEABODY MUSEUM. 



23 



cloth, while the spine at the end of the leaf drawn out with a long 
fibre attached is a natural needle threaded for use at any moment. 
In the next case the use of the cactus for food is illustrated, and 
here also are exhibited other food plants and a collection of native 
medicines of the Mexicans. 

Passing from this gallery to the hall gallery the visitor will see 
models of cliff houses and of several of the ancient Pueblo ruins, as 
well as models of pueblos of present tribes. Here also is a small 
lot of objects from the cliff houses, and pottery from the Zuni and 
other inhabited pueblos. Specimens from other pueblos are on 
one side of the southern gallery ; but this gallery is mainly given 
to the collections from the ancient and prehistoric ruins of Ari- 
zona. This is the famous collection brought together for the late 
Mrs. Mary Hemenway. by Mr. P. H. dishing, from the ruins of 
the valley of the Rio Salado in Arizona. This material is carefully 
labelled and so arranged as to tell its story of the customs, the arts 
and, to a considerable extent, the life of the people of those ancient 
towns explored by the Hemenway Expeditions. Here are shown 
prehistoric pottery vessels in great variety: stone implements in 
such abundance that those of every form and size can be studied; 
metates and grinding stones for crushing corn; small stones for 
grinding paints ; wooden implements ; shell ornaments of many 
shapes, some beautifully inlaid with bits of turquoise and with a 
red cement; ornaments made of stone; sacrificial objects among 
which are little clay figures of animals: also many other objects 
pertaining to the customs of the people. That the people cremated 
some of their dead and buried the ashes and burnt fragments of 
bones in urns is shown by the urns containing cremated remains. 
One small collection is from a sacred cave. Among other things 
from this cave is a large number of sacred cigarettes cut from cane 
in a ceremonial manner, filled with tobacco, and tied in little bun- 
dles. It may here be mentioned that cigarettes were used by these 
prehistoric peoples of the southwest, and that it is from their 
descendants that the habit of cigarette smoking has spread over 
the world through the early Spanish contact with these peoples. 

The Warren gallery at the end of the hall — named after Mr. and 
Mrs. S. D. Warren, liberal patrons of the Museum — contains a gen- 
eral ethnological exhibit. The collections arranged on each side 
of the entrance, and in the table and railing cases near by, are from 
the Eskimo from Greenland to Alaska. The Alaskan exhibit is 



24 



GUIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



particularly rich in carvings in bone and ivory. Following these 
exhibits are those from tribes of British Columbia, including the 
11a ida whose carvings in slate are well shown in the Rindge collec- 
tion. Then come a number of table cases and the adjoining wall 
case which contain the collections from Micronesia, Polynesia, 
Malaysia and Australia. In the centre is a large case which, with 
the railing case opposite, contains the African collection. In the 
several table cases on the northern side of the gallery and in the 
railing case on that side are the small exhibits from various parts 
of Asia and Japan, including an interesting collection from the 
Ainos. Over the cases and hanging from the walls are Eskimo 
sleds and kyaks, and canoes and boats of various peoples. Many 
of the objects in this exhibit were collected a hundred years or 
more ago, and are therefore of great value. They were received 
from various sources. The Museum is indebted to Lieutenant Peary 
for the collection from the Greenland Eskimo ; to Mr. Frederick 
H. Rindge for specimens from the Pacific Islands and from British 
Columbia: to Doctors H. K. and W. E. Faulkner for most of the 
African collection; to Dr. Alexander Agassiz for the large canoe 
from Solomon Island, for the extraordinarily large piece of Kappa 
cloth from Feji, and for many specimens from the islands of the 
South Pacific. 

THE FIFTH FLOOR. 

At the head of the stairs on the right is the Students' Laboratory 
for the use of those who take the courses in anthropology. In 
this room the lectures of the courses are given, and instruments, 
specimens and a small special library are provided for the use 
of students. In the hail and in the opposite room are arranged the 
several thousand human crania and skeletons, which furnish the 
material for somatological investigations. This collection is of 
special importance to the student of American crania, while there 
is a fair collection for the comparative study of the races of man. 

The large room at the end of the hall is devoted entirely to the 
Mary Hemenway collection from Tusyan. This province of Arizona 
was inhabited in past times by the ancestors of the Moki Indians 
whose towns or pueblos are on the mesas, as shown by the large 
relief model of the province in the centre of the hall. There are 
also models of some of the present Moki pueblos. The material 
hei r exhibited in sequence, from the ruined pueblos to those now 



GLIDE TO THE PEA BODY MUSEUM. 



25 



inhabited, was obtained by Mrs. Mary Hemenway from Mr. Keam 
and from the several expeditions of Dr. Fewkes. Dr. Fewkes 
made and arranged the special collection which illustrates the 
ceremonials of this interesting people, as well as that illustrating 
their arts. The paintings upon the walls were made by artists em- 
ployed by Mrs. Hemenway. Altogether this exhibit is the most 
complete and important illustration of the Moki ever brought 
together. It is worthy of careful study, which is greatly facili- 
tated by the arrangement and labelling of the collection. To Mrs. 
Hemenway, who did so much for American archaeology and eth- 
nology in connection with her many philanthropic and educational 
works, science is greatly indebted. 



INSTRUCTION. 



DIVISION XIV OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 

Instruction in Anthropology is given in the Peabocly Museum. 

Fredkktc Ward Putnam, A.M., S.D., Peabocly Professor of 
American Archaeology and Ethnology. 

Frank Russell, A.M., Ph.D., Instructor in Anthropology. 

Roland B. Dixon, A.B., Assistant in Anthropology. 

The Committee on higher Degrees in the Division consists of 
Professors Putnam, Goodale and Lyon of the Faculty of Arts 
and Sciences; and Messrs. Bowditch and Lowell of the Faculty 
of the Museum. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

The courses in Anthropology are conducted in the lecture-rooms 
and laboratories of the Peabocly Museum. 

The laboratory on the fifth floor contains work-tables, apparatus, 
and collections of human crania and skeletons, and of archaeolog- 
ical and ethnological material for use in Course 1. There is also 
in this room a reference library containing books required for 
reading in connection with the lectures. 

The hall opposite, containing the osteological collection, and the 
laboratory of the Curator on the first floor may be used by ad- 
vanced students. 

The Anthropological Club holds semi-monthly meetings for 
the presentation and discussion of original papers. Meetings 
of the Boston Branch of the American Folk Lore Society and 
of the Boston Society of Natural History are, by courtesy, open to 
students in this Division. Several courses of lectures of special 
importance to students in this Division are annually given in 
the University. 

In addition to the students' special library, the Peabocly Museum 
Library contains 1900 volumes, and 2500 pamphlets, covering the 
whole field of Anthropology. It includes the prominent anthro- 
pological journals of the United States and'Europe, as well as the 

(26) 



INSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGY. 



27 



proceedings and reports of anthropological societies and museums. 
It is accessible from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. 

The Library in Gore Hall, containing over 355,000 volumes, is 
for the use of the whole University. Any student who has given 
bonds may take out books. Additional facilities are afforded, 
under special conditions, to advanced students, particularly to 
those engaged in special research. The Library is well supplied 
with books relating to Ethnology and Ethnography. 

The ability to read French and German is a great advantage in 
these courses. 

Students intending to enter this Division are advised to consult 
the instructors in regard to courses which should be taken previous 
to or in connection with the courses in Anthropology. 

DESCRIPTION OE COURSES. 

FOR GRADUATES AND UNDERGRADUATES. 

1. General Anthropology. — Somatology (Physical Anthropology) ; 

Archaeology: Ethnology; Ethnography. — Lectures and 
theses. Mon., Wed., Fri., at 9. Dr. Russell-. (I) 

This course is introductory to the Courses of Special Study. 

The course opens with a study of Somatology : dealing by com- 
parative methods with the structure of man and the physical criteria 
of race. The student is made acquainted with methods and instru- 
ments of the science. 

The second part of the course is devoted to Ethnology with 
special reference to the origin and development of primitive arts 
and culture. The lectures cover the following subjects: (A) Techno- 
geography. the relation of culture to environment. (B) Utili- 
tarian and .Esthetic Arts, illustrated by implements, weapons, 
utensils, pottery, ornaments, basketry and textiles, from the Mu- 
seum collections — a large amount of material is available for the 
study of the development of decorative art. (C) Social Eife of 
' ; natural" peoples, (1) Government, primitive forms : (2) Mar- 
riage considered biologically, forms and ceremonies, position of 
woman: (3) Laws, origin, ethnic jurisprudence. (D) Religion, 
psychological origin and lines of development of primitive reli- 
gions, fetishism, animism, shamanism, ritual. (E) Mythology, 
origin and distribution of myths and their ethnographic value. (E) 



28 



INSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Folk-lore, nature of folk-lore and importance of its study. (G) 
Linguistics, (1) Gesture and sign language ; (2) Spoken language, 
the theories of origin, variability, classification, relative excellence, 
race and language: (3) Recorded language, thought- writing, 
sound-writing. 

The third part of the course is devoted to the study of Archae- 
ology and Ethnography. Man is considered in relation to his 
distribution over the earth from geological to the present time, 
division into groups, origin, prehistoric ages, races, classification, 
migrations. The geographical distribution of peoples is illustrated 
by colored ethnic charts and maps. 

Throughout the course students are familiarized with the stand- 
ard and current anthropological literature. Important papers on 
the ethnic problems of the day are reviewed and discussed. 

Voluntary field excursions are offered in connection with this 
course. 



PRIMARILY FOR GRADUATES. 

2. Somatology. — Lectures and laboratory work. Half-course 

{second half-year). Man., Wed., Fri., at 2.30. Dr. Rus- 
sell. (V) 

This course affords an opportunity for work in the osteological 
department of the Museum, which contains suitable material for 
the study of racial, sexual, and individual variation, etc. The 
course is intended for students preparing for the medical profes- 
sion or for advanced work in Somatology. A knowledge of zoology 
is desirable as a preparation for this course. 

The lectures will consider: Comparative anatomy of man and 
anthropoids; growth; heredity; miscegenation; sexual selection ; 
environment; methods: vital statistics. 

3. Primitive Religions. — Lectures, reading and reports. Half- 

course (second half-year). Mon., Wed... Fri., at 10. Pro- 
fessor Putnam and Mr. Dixon. (II) 

This course will discuss the following subjects: Theories of 
Origin; Animism; Totemism ; Fetishism ; Ceremonial ; Symbolism; 
Comparative Mythology and Folk-lore. It will include a special 
study of the religions of* three primitive peoples. 



INSTRUCTION IN ANTHROPOLOGY. 



29 



COURSES OF SPECIAL STUDY. 

20a. American Archaeology arid Ethnology. Professor Putnam. 

This course is carried on by work in the laboratory and Museum ; 
by field "work and explorations. It is open to students who have 
taken Course 1 or its equivalent, and who have at least a good 
elementary knowledge of geology, mineralogy, botany and zoology. 
It is intended for students who wish to engage professionally in 
archaeological and ethnological work, or are applicants for the 
degree of Ph.D. During the third year a thesis on a special sub- 
ject in American archaeology or ethnology is required. 

206. Advanced Somatology. — Laboratory work and theses. Dr. 
Russell. 

This course is open to those who have taken Course 1 or its 
equivalent. It is designed for those who are competent to carry 
on. under the guidance of the instructor, some original investiga- 
tion leading to results worthy of publication. 



! 
I 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



1 












3 029 786 156 ( 





